CLAT PG Detailed Syllabus 2025

**Total Questions: 120 | Duration: 2 Hours | Maximum Marks: 120 **

The syllabus focuses on testing comprehensive legal knowledge and analytical abilities.

📋 Subject-wise Weightage Distribution

🏛️ Constitutional Law (25-30 Questions)

Core Constitutional Law Topics

Part III; Fundamental Rights

• Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
• Right to Freedom (Articles 19-22)
• Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
• Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
• Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
• Right to Constitutional Remedies (Articles 32)

Part IV; Directive Principles

• State Policy Principles (Articles 36-51)
• Fundamental Duties (Article 51A)
• Conflict between Fundamental Rights and DPSP

Union Executive

• President (Articles 52-62)
• Vice-President (Articles 63-71)
• Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (Articles 74-78)
• Comptroller and Auditor General (Articles 148-151)

Union Judiciary

• Supreme Court (Articles 124-147)
• Original, Appellate, and Advisory Jurisdiction
• Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
• Judicial Review

State Executive

• Governor (Articles 153-167)
• Chief Minister and Council of Ministers (Articles 163-167)
• Advocate General (Article 165)

State Judiciary

• High Courts (Articles 214-233)
• Subordinate Courts (Articles 233-237)
• Administrative Tribunals

Emergency Provisions

• National Emergency (Article 352)
• President’s Rule (Article 356)
• Financial Emergency (Article 360)
• Effects of Emergency

Amendment Procedure

• Article 368; Amendment Process
• Basic Structure Doctrine
• Kesavananda Bharati Case
• Recent Major Amendments

⚖️ Jurisprudence (20-25 Questions)

Jurisprudence; Nature and Scope

Schools of Jurisprudence

• Natural Law School; Aquinas, Grotius, Locke, Rousseau
• Positivist School; Austin, Bentham, Kelsen
• Realist School; Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jerome Frank
• Sociological School; Roscoe Pound, Duguit
• Historical School; Savigny, Maine
• Analytical School; Salmond, Holland

Legal Concepts

• State and Sovereignty; Theories and characteristics
• Rights and Duties; Correlativity, legal rights vs. moral rights
• Liability; Legal liability, conditions for liability
• Ownership and Possession; Concept, characteristics, distinction
• Personality; Natural and juridical persons

Theories of Law

• Command Theory; John Austin’s imperative theory
• Pure Theory; Hans Kelsen’s grundnorm
• Living Law Theory; Eugen Ehrlich
• Sociological Approach; Law as social engineering

Justice and Law

• Concepts of Justice; Distributive, corrective, procedural
• Rule of Law; A. V. Dicey’s theory
• Due Process; Substantive and procedural due process
• Natural Justice; Nemo judex in causa sua, Audi alteram partem

📚 Other Law Subjects (65-75 Questions)

Administrative Law (8-10 Questions)

• Doctrine of Separation of Powers; Montesquieu theory
• Administrative Action; Classification and control
• Judicial Review; Scope, limitations, and recent trends
• Administrative Tribunals; Constitution, powers, jurisdiction
• Delegated Legislation; Types, control, and constitutional validity
• Rule of Law; Administrative law implications

Law of Contract (10-12 Questions)

• Essentials of Valid Contract; Offer, acceptance, consideration
• Capacity to Contract; Minors, persons of unsound mind
• Free Consent; Coercion, undue influence, fraud, misrepresentation
• Void and Voidable Agreements; Distinction and legal effects
• Performance of Contract; Discharge and breach
• Quasi-Contracts; Types and legal implications
• Indemnity and Guarantee; Rights and liabilities
• Bailment and Pledge; Rights and duties of bailor and bailee
• Agency; Creation, types, and termination
• Partnership; Formation, rights, and dissolution

Law of Torts (8-10 Questions)

• Nature of Torts; Definition, essential elements
• General Defences; Volenti non fit injuria, inevitable accident
• Negligence; Duty, breach, causation, damage
• Defamation; Libel and slander, defenses
• Nuisance; Private and public nuisance
• Trespass; To person and property
• Strict Liability; Rylands v Fletcher rule
• Vicarious Liability; State and master liability

Criminal Law (10-12 Questions)

• General Principles; Mens rea, actus reus, concurrence
• General Exceptions; Sections 76-106 IPC
• Culpable Homicide and Murder; Distinction and punishments
• Kidnapping and Abduction; Types and punishments
• Theft and Extortion; Essential elements
• Criminal Breach of Trust; and Cheating
• Criminal Trespass; and Housebreaking
• Offences against State; Sedition, waging war
• Offences against Public Tranquility; Rioting, unlawful assembly

Family Law (8-10 Questions)

• Hindu Marriage Act; Essential conditions, validity
• Void and Voidable Marriages; Grounds and consequences
• Judicial Separation and Divorce; Grounds and procedures
• Maintenance; Under various personal laws
• Guardianship and Custody; Principles and welfare of child
• Adoption; Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act
• Succession; Testamentary and intestate succession
• Muslim Law; Marriage, divorce, succession
• Special Marriage Act; Provisions and procedures

Property Law (6-8 Questions)

• Transfer of Property Act; General principles
• Sale; Essentials, rights and duties of seller and buyer
• Mortgage; Types, rights, and liabilities
• Lease; Essential elements, rights and liabilities
• Gift; Validity, registration, revocation
• Easement; Essential characteristics, types
• Land Acquisition Act; Acquisition procedure and compensation

Company Law (6-8 Questions)

• Types of Companies; Private, public, one-person
• Incorporation; Procedure and effects
• Memorandum and Articles; Contents and alteration
• Share Capital; Types, issue, and transfer
• Directors; Appointment, powers, and liabilities
• Meetings; Board meetings, general meetings
• Corporate Governance; Principles and practices
• Winding Up; Voluntary and compulsory

Environmental Law (4-6 Questions)

• Constitutional Provisions; Article 48A, 51A(g)
• Environment Protection Act; Provisions and implementation
• Air and Water Pollution; Control and prevention
• Biodiversity Conservation; Biological Diversity Act
• Climate Change; International and national initiatives
• Natural Resources; Conservation and management
• Public Interest Litigation; Environmental cases

International Law (6-8 Questions)

• Sources of International Law; Treaties, customs, general principles
• State Recognition; Theories and legal effects
• State Succession; Rights and obligations
• Territory; Acquisition and loss
• Jurisdiction; Territorial, nationality, protective, universal
• State Responsibility; International liability
• Human Rights; UDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR
• International Organizations; UN, WTO, ICJ
• Law of the Sea; UNCLOS provisions

Intellectual Property Rights (4-6 Questions)

• Copyright Act; Rights of authors, infringement
• Patent Law; Patentability criteria, rights
• Trademark Law; Registration, infringement
• Design Act; Registration and protection
• Trade Secrets; Protection and misappropriation
• International IP Regime; TRIPS Agreement
• Enforcement; Civil and criminal remedies

Contemporary Legal Issues (3-5 Questions)

• Technology and Law; Cyber law, data protection, AI
• Media Law; Freedom of speech, contempt of court
• Women and Law; Gender justice, sexual harassment
• Children and Law; Juvenile justice, child rights
• LGBTQ+ Rights; Legal recognition and protection
• Consumer Protection; Rights and redressal
• Right to Information; Transparency and accountability

📚 Preparation Tips

1. Focus on Recent Developments; Keep track of recent Supreme Court judgments and amendments
2. Understand Concepts; Focus on understanding rather than rote memorization
3. Case Law Analysis; Study important case laws and their principles
4. Current Legal Affairs; Regular reading of legal news and developments
5. Practice Papers; Solve previous years’ question papers
6. Mock Tests; Regular practice with time management

Recommended Study Resources

Standard Textbooks

• Constitutional Law by M. P. Jain
• Jurisprudence by V. D. Mahajan
• Law of Contract by Avtar Singh
• Administrative Law by M. P. Jain
• International Law by S. K. Kapoor

Supplementary Materials

• Bare Acts (latest editions)
• Supreme Court Cases (recent judgments)
• Legal journals and periodicals
• Online legal databases
• Current affairs magazines